6 Bestselling Scientology Books That Reveal the Truth

The Battle Of Iowa Jima - 942 Words

Throughout recorded history, wars have been waged across almost every culture and continent. However, despite the long and recurrent history of war, the way different societal groups perceive and act towards conflict differs widely. The Battle of Iowa Jima took place close to the end of World War II between the United States and Japan. The American marines invaded the island of Iowa Jima on February 19 1945, in order to gain access to the island’s airfields and create a base for attacking mainland Japan. The battle proved to be a significant defeat for the Japanese with only 3216 survivors out of the initial 21000 soldiers. However, despite being heavily outnumbered and suffering from a lack of food/supplies, the Japanese soldiers persisted their stand for 35 days. Letters from Iowa Jima and Flags of Our Fathers (2006) are companion films that depict the Battle of Iowa Jima from the perspective of the Japanese and Americans, respectively. The films effectively portray the wid ely different social and political attitudes that were present in both countries. It was apparent that the Japan’s nationalism stemmed from fear, honor and oppression. Whereas in the United States, patriotism was constructed through the government’s romanticized depiction of war and the country’s superiority. Japan’s nation-state enforced the patriotic ideology that soldiers should be honored to fight and die in battle, while holding the social Darwinist belief that Japanese soldiers were more motivatedShow MoreRelatedBrooklyn : The Brooklyn Navy Yard1709 Words   |  7 Pagesbattleships. These vessels would have the capability to destroy targets at sea, on land, and in the air. Work on what would eventually become the Iowa-class battleships (vessels named in honor of the state of Iowa) began in early 1938 at the direction of Admiral Thomas C. Hart. Eventually, the U.S. Navy decided on contructing four vessels which would make up he Iowa-class battleship s. In the summer of 1938 the U.S. Congress passed the Second Vinson Act. This increases the strength of the U.S. Navy by 20%Read MoreJapan s Attack On Pearl Harbor Essay2361 Words   |  10 PagesNaval Combat. Some of the weapons that were used on the battleships included the 16†/50 caliber Mark 7 Gun, the 6†/53 Caliber Gun and the 1.1†/75 Caliber Gun. The 16† Gun was one of the largest naval guns at the time and was the main gun used on the Iowa-class battleships. Each of the guns weighed 267 904 pounds, so the kind of damage that these cannons could inflict is very obvious. The gun was used to attack any other enemy ships on the ocean, but not any aircraft or land targets since the gun could

The Impact of Scale on Francesco Borrominis Sac Carlo Alle Quattro Fontanne free essay sample

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontanne is often considered Borromini’s most iconic masterpiece of Baroque architecture for his signature use of undulating surfaces, pure mathematical forms and conforming geometrical shaping. San Carlo is significantly small given the magnitude of baroque constructed during Borromini’s time however does this hinder San Carlo’s architectural effect and impact as a classified baroque form of architecture? Francesco Borromini was a stone mason by trade and started off as a stone mason in his early career. Under directions of his father, he was sent to Milan for perfecting his skills in stone cutting when he was introduced to the craft of architecture before moving to Rome in the early 1600’s and started work for his distant relative and architect, Carlo Maderno. Only after Maderno’s death did Borromini became acquainted with the great Gian Bernini. Bernini became Borromini’s great friend and colleague as they worked on projects such Maderno’s Palazzo Barberini and the Baldachin in Saint Peter’s Cathedral. Bernini was impressed with Borromini’s novel formulation of architectural detail, something he has greatly perfected as a stonemason. The pair would become prime influences of the Italian baroque movement in Rome of the 1600s in advance of Pope Sixtus V ‘s Roma in forma sideris† plan of Rome. Unlike Bernini’s character traits of being able to please aristocratic and the powerful, Borromini was a lonely, withdrawn man who looked to become an independent architect who prided himself on his specialized training and gained the most modest degree of recognition. As a Result Borromini began to part ways, both stylistically and personally, with Bernini and set about finding his own projects. On Borromini’s later works, Bernini criticized Borromini in abandoning the anthropomorphic nature in building design. At the time it was argued that building proportions should be derived from the proportion of the body of a man, the proportions of the Vitruvian man (as seen below), as it was argued that the proportions of the man was modeled in the image of God. Boromini however believed in the science of mathematics and how the idea of geometry and nature being inseparably connected, much like what Gallaleo wrote about, and he tries to bring light and shape to the fore of his style. After being commissioned by the Cardinal Francesco Barberini of the Spanish Trinitarians, Borromini’s first independent commission, Borromini departs from the orthodox interpretations of antiquity and takes up his own style in reference to his ideals on geometry and mathematical proportions. As a result of Borromini’s freedom to create in the image of his ideals, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane has elements of unparalleled spatial complexity and Curvilinear Facades. The entire exterior facade of the church is an example of Borromini’s predilection for convex and concave forms which creates an undulating surface which transforms the movement of the facade from static to highly dynamic, or as observers would observe, almost like a wave. In addition to the curvilinear form the front of the church, the front facade is divided into two stories by projecting cornices and laterally divided by four ionic columns with capitals. The main body of the church is an undulating ovular shape with a ovular dome and a lantern on top of it to let light into the body, just like oculus in the pantheon. However the basic concept of the plan does not derive from an oval but from the main theme of the order of religion, The Spanish Trinitarians, which believes in the holy trinity. The plan and direction of the church is orientated based on the diagram below where the holy trinity, symbolized as the triangle is put back to back to form a diamond shape. This diamond shape is then inscribed on the outside making an oval shape, the shape of the main body of the church. Within this oval shape two circles are drawn and from those circles lines can be drawn from one point to another from the church and thus making those lines the direction of the architecture . The interior of the church can be vertically divided into three principal arts of the lower order at ground level, the transition zone of the pendentives and the ovular dome with it’s oval shaped lantern. Dividing the lower part of the church to the upper part is again the occurrence of undulating lines above the ionic columns which envelop the lower part of the church. The ovular dome shape is made of interconnected squares, crosses, hexagons and octagons which diminish in size as they rise up towards the oval shaped lantern which allows natural light to pass in and dramatize the all white interior of the church. The scale of the church is relatively small compared to the monumental likes of grand architecture such as the Piazza di San Pietro by Bernini, as it was noted that the size of the San Carlo Church can fit in the one of the dome columns at Saint Peter’s basilica However Borromini exploration with small buildings on complicated ground planes which presented, often, irregular spaces, led to a new form of architectural expression which was extremely radical at the time. His ability to maintain architectural unity with the use of curvilinear of both the interior and exterior of the church, along with the mixture of classical components from ancient Greece, highlights the significance of the San Carlino Church as a new form which broke away from the contemporary architecture which mainly derived from Vitruvius’ ideals, seen widely expressed during that time period. However such a radical change in contemporary architecture at the time was too radical and Borromini’s work was met with critical harshness. Due to his poor critical response from art and architecture critiques at the time, he received very little acclaim during his life and consequently didn’t receive as many opportunities to create such as the likes of his old colleague Bernini and often worked for religious orders rather than the papal church. Thus arriving at my opinion that if Borromini was given the chance to design on a much larger scale for example the papal church, his architectural forms and thinking would have been taken more serious and thought about more and would have no doubt had greater influences on architecture which preceded it. Due to the lack of funding of his projects, the scale of San Carlo all Quattro Fontane was extremely small yet it was packed with such elegance and adorned with such detail. In my opinion if improvements could be made, the location and the scale of the church could’ve further highlighted the architectural genius of Borromini.

The Six Facets of Understanding

Understanding by Design (UBD) is an art concept that emphasizes the role of a teacher in designing a student’s learning. It helps in contriving effective learning activities through effective assessment of student understanding, peer review of the curriculum, and collaboration. Understanding, as a concept, is different from the design of a unit of study for understanding.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Six Facets of Understanding specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Understanding is the â€Å"deepening and development† of the student knowledge on fundamental concepts and ideas in a given discipline. It involves the concepts about a topic that students should comprehend during instruction. Student understanding is achieved through the use of â€Å"complex yet authentic opportunities† easy to interpret and apply from a student’s perspective. Thus, the ability of the students to apply or transfer essential aspects of their learning within appropriate contexts implies student understanding. Wiggins and McTighe identify six facets that serve as indicators of understanding viz. the ability to interpret, explain, apply, empathize, change perspective, and self-assess their learning (2001, p. 52). In other words, understanding is earned by the students and allows them to apply their learning. In contrast, the design of a unit for understanding involves the curriculum development that focuses on achieving particular desired learning goals. According to Wiggins and McTighte, effective curriculum design must reflect a three-stage process known as â€Å"backward design†, which first clarifies the learning goals and assessments before designing the classroom activities for the understanding unit (2001, p. 81) The Six Facets of Understanding and Art Curriculum Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe provide a learning framework that helps teachers plan lessons for student underst anding of given ideas and concepts during classroom instruction. In particular, each of the six facets of understanding has implications on curriculum design. These six facets, which include interpretation, empathy, explanation, application, self-knowledge and perspective, reflect the standards of Visual and Performing Arts. In arts, the unit plan format should include the standards, learning objectives, context, assessment, learning sequence, and summative assessment for each standard. The art curriculum framework involves four strands viz. perception, cultural heritage, creative expression, and evaluation.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The facet of explanation involves providing of knowledgeable account of ideas or actions and is aligned with the perception strand during instruction. Interpretation, in an art context, involves translations or narratives that have meaning and thus a form of creative expression. Similarly, application and self-knowledge facets relate to creative expression of original works of art. Perspective facet involves making evaluations of personal as well as other people’s artistic works. Empathy, in art’s context, involves the ability to value and understand various cultures or historical events. In the classroom context, the six facets of understanding provide evidence of student understanding of concepts or theories. Explanation occurs when the teacher offers a thorough account of some facts, data, or phenomena during a learning session. Interpretation involves meaningful translations or revelations from a personal or historical perspective regarding certain events or ideas using analogies, models, and other teaching aids. In the classroom, this facet manifests itself during discussions of experiences or the lesson’s text. With regard to application, in instructional context, the students should effectively use the ideas in diverse contexts especially through innovations or authentic tasks (Wiggins, McTighte, 2001, p. 134). In addition, in the classroom, the students should see an issue from multiple perspectives through a structured question/answer approach. The student should also evaluate contrasting ideas and develop insights during learning. This can be achieved through simulations or direct experiences in addition to coursework. Moreover, the students should have self-knowledge about the factors that influence their own understanding of a particular concept through encouraging students to recognize their own learning style. Teaching Strategies that Promote Understanding To enhance critical thinking, developing lessons that integrate critical thinking and problem solving is paramount. For students, the lessons should aim at exposing unexamined assumptions and their possible implications. In this way, the student will develop critical views with regard to common theories, feelings, or beliefs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Six Facets of Understanding specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Administrators, workshops, or conferences should aim at sensitizing managers especially with regard to decision-making. In essence, crucial decisions should involve brainstorming sessions. In addition, the decision making process should be horizontal to incorporate everyone’s views in order to find a solution for a particular problem. Additionally, the community empowerment or educational programs should incorporate the perspective facet of understanding to allow people to develop multiple-perspective approach regarding their beliefs or culture. Reference Wiggins, G., McTighe, J. (2001). Understanding by Design. New York: Prentice Hall. This essay on The Six Facets of Understanding was written and submitted by user Barbara Berry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.